Economic valuation of ecosystem services provided by oyster reefs. How is the frequency, location and severity of extreme events likely to change up to 2060? Environmental Science and Policy 27: S4–S14. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part a: Molecular and Integrative Physiology 133 (1): 63–77. Metabolic depression and whole-body response to enforced starvation by Crassostrea gigas postlarvae. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Fishery Bulletin United States Fish and Wildlife Service 64. The American oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. Thermal shock of salmon in vivo induces the heat shock protein hsp 70 and confers protection against osmotic shock. Annual Reviews of Marine Science 4 (1): 11–37.ĭuBeau, S.F., F. Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Quantifying the evidence for ecological synergies. Interactive and cumulative effects of multiple human stressors in marine systems. Testing local and global stressor impacts on a coastal foundation species using an ecologically realistic framework. Quantifying salinity and season effects on eastern oyster clearance and oxygen consumption rates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 506: 82–90.Ĭasas, S.M., R. Combined effects of temperature and salinity on the physiology of two geographically-distant eastern oyster populations. Positive relationship between freshwater inflow and oyster abundance in Galveston Bay, Texas. Biological Conservation 227: 19–28.īuzan, D., W. Assessing risks to marine ecosystems with indicators, ecosystem models and experts. In IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, ed. Changing ocean, marine ecosystems, and dependent communities. Timing of stressors alters interactive effects on a coastal foundation species. Oyster reefs at risk and recommendations for conservation, restoration, and management. Journal of Statistical Software 67 (1): 1–48.īayne, B.L. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Results indicate that incorporating temporal dynamics, rather than simply crossing multiple stressors simultaneously, can have important consequences for our understanding of how disturbances influence populations.īates, D., M. Unlike mortality, growth and metabolism were dependent on individual stressors rather than their timing. Additionally, oysters without a prior thermal stress had higher mortality under salinity stress than those with prior elevated temperatures (16% versus 4%). Oyster mortality under synchronous thermal and salinity stressors was higher than under asynchronous stressor treatments (46% versus 4%). ![]() We used the ecologically and commercially important Eastern oyster ( Crassostrea virginica) as a model system, investigating how newly settled oysters responded to hurricane-level low-salinity stress (1 ppt for 10 days) after a month of elevated late summer temperatures (32 ☌) versus milder early-season conditions (24 ☌) typical of Galveston Bay, TX, USA. In the Atlantic, hurricane season begins in June, following mild spring water temperatures, but continues through summer and autumn months, when water temperatures in some estuaries can reach 32 ☌. ![]() For example, hurricanes typically occur over a broad season and may impact populations pre-conditioned with either mild early-season or elevated late-season water temperatures. Most multi-stressor experiments impose them simultaneously, which may sometimes poorly reflect seasonal dynamics in nature. Yet there are relatively few studies investigating population responses to extreme events in the context of asynchronous stresses. Since physiological responses often depend on prior conditioning, responses to extreme events may depend on prior exposure to environmental conditions, which could enhance or erode resilience. Population responses to environmental perturbations can be influenced by stressor timing or asynchrony.
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